II Lingíada e a circulação da moderna ginástica sueca na Revista Brasileira de Educação Física (1944 a 1952) / II Lingíada and the circulation of modern swedish gymnastics in Brazilian Journal of Physical Education (1944 to 1952) / II Lingíada y la circulación de la gimnasia sueca moderna en la Revista Brasileña de Educación Física (1944 a 1952)

Diferentes métodos ginásticos surgiram na Europa, desde o século XVIII, na intenção de contribuir com uma educação do corpo, que estivesse alinhado às necessidades da sociedade moderna. Um desses métodos, a ginástica sueca, desenvolve- se ao longo do século XIX, sendo redefinido nos anos finais do século XIX e início do século XX, dando origem a uma Moderna Ginástica Sueca. Tal ginástica, foi divulgada por meio de um evento criado na Suécia, chamada Lingíada. Esse estudo tem como objetivo analisar a circulação da ginástica sueca no Brasil por meio da II Lingíada. Por meio desse evento internacional, a ginástica adentra e circula no Brasil, mediado por diferentes sujeitos. Com o aporte teórica da História Cultural, analisamos as edições da Revista Brasileira de Educação Física, de 1944 a 1952. Os brasileiros, ao participarem do evento, retornam influenciados pela ginástica sueca que tiveram contato e intensificam sua circulação pelo país.

Different gymnastic methods have emerged in Europe since the 18th century, with the intention of contributing to a body education that was aligned with the needs of modern society. One of these methods, Swedish gymnastics, developed throughout the 19th century, being redefined in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, giving rise to Modern Swedish Gymnastics. Such gymnastics was publicized through an event created in Sweden, called Lingíada. This study aims to analyze the circulation of Swedish gymnastics in Brazil through the II Lingiad. Through this international event, gymnastics enters and circulates in Brazil, mediated by different subjects. With the theoretical support of Cultural History, we analyze the editions of the Revista Brasileira de Educação Física, from 1944 to 1952. Brazilians, when participating in the event, return influenced by the Swedish gymnastics that they had contact with and intensify their circulation around the country.

Diferentes métodos gimnásticos han surgido en Europa desde el siglo XVIII, con la intención de contribuir a una educación corporal alineada con las necesidades de la sociedad moderna. Uno de estos métodos, la gimnasia sueca, se desarrolló a lo largo del siglo XIX, redefiniéndose a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, dando lugar a la Gimnasia Sueca Moderna. Dicha gimnasia fue publicitada a través de un evento creado en Suecia, llamado Lingíada. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la circulación de la gimnasia sueca en Brasil a través de la II Lingiad. A través de este evento internacional, la gimnasia entra y circula en Brasil, mediada por diferentes sujetos. Con el apoyo teórico de la Historia Cultural, analizamos las ediciones de la Revista Brasileira de Educação Física, de 1944 a 1952. Los brasileños, al participar del evento, regresan influenciados por la gimnasia sueca con la que tuvieron contacto e intensifican su circulación por el país.

Factores asociados a la práctica de conductas sexuales de riesgo en línea en adolescentes escolarizados / Factors associated with the practice of online sexual risk behaviors in school adolescents

Introducción: El avance de la tecnología y las nuevas formas de comunicación a nivel mundial en la actualidad ofrece a los adolescentes nuevas formas de socialización e interacción, generando que las redes sociales se conviertan en un área importante de sus vidas. Esta nueva tendencia de comunicación, así como el natural deseo de explorar la sexualidad y teniendo en cuenta que este estudio se realizó con adolescentes de etapa media, ha llevado a los jóvenes a interesarse por una nueva modalidad del ejercicio de la misma, a través de la internet y las redes sociales. Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a la práctica de conductas sexuales de riesgo en línea en adolescentes escolarizados. Material y Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo descriptivo observacional de corte transversal incluyó 244 estudiantes de bachillerato con rango de edad entre 15 a 17 años en Bogotá. Se indago por las variables de este estudio, se validó y aplico el instrumento conductas sexuales de riesgo en redes sociales virtuales, de forma auto diligenciada. Conclusión: Se describió la frecuencia de las prácticas sexuales en línea y se determinó que variables hacen que se aumente el riesgo para realizar conductas sexualizadas en internet, en este estudio el sexo biológico, el grado escolar, el practicar juegos sexualizados, entre otras, aumentan el considerablemente el riesgo, mientras que hubo variables que no presentaron asociación como estrato socioeconómico, entre otras, para finalizar se determinó las que se convierten en factores protectores.

Introduction: Advancements in technology and new forms of communication worldwide offer adolescents new ways of socializing and interacting, transforming social networks into an important area of their lives. This new communication trend and the natural desire to explore their sexuality, considering that this study was conducted with middle-school adolescents, have led teenagers to become interested in a new way of practicing their sexuality through the Internet and social media. Objective: To determine factors associated with the practice of online sexual risk behaviors in school-aged adolescents. Material and methods: Quantitative, descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study that included 244 high school students between 15 and 17 years of age in Bogotá. The variables of this study were examined, and the instrument for sexual risk behaviors in virtual social media was validated and applied using a self-administered form. Conclusion: The frequency of online sexual practices was described, and the variables that increase the risk of engaging in sexualized behaviors on the Internet were determined. In this study, biological sex, school grade, play sexualized virtual games among other variables, considerably increased the risk of engaging in sexualized behaviors, while some variables did not show an association, such as socioeconomic status, among others. Finally, the variables that become protective factors were determined.

Síndrome de Burnout en profesionales de la salud del Ecuador y factores asociados en tiempos de pandemia

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar el Síndrome de Burnout en profesionales de la salud del Ecuador y cómo se comporta con factores sociodemográficos y laborales asociados. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional de corte transversal, en donde se incluyeron profesionales de la salud del Ecuador. La recolección de la información se realizó mediante una encuesta en línea previo consentimiento informado. Para la captura de las variables sociodemográficas se utilizó un cuestionario, para la evaluación de Síndrome de Burnout se utilizó la prueba de Maslach, el cual esta validado en el contexto sudamericano. Resultados: encontramos que la prevalencia de Síndrome de Burnout fue elevada, especialmente en el componente de despersonalización (95%) y agotamiento emocional (47%) y en un menor porcentaje en realización personal (11%). El 9% tuvo afectación concomitante de las 3 áreas evaluadas, representando la estructura de Síndrome de Burnout más severa y un 42% de dos áreas, no encontramos ningún tipo de relación con sexo, pero si mayor probabilidad con edades menores, número mayor de pacientes y en los residentes. Conclusiones: el Síndrome de Burnout es un problema importante para analizar de manera permanente en los profesionales de la salud, sus efectos podrían generar un ambiente que propicie el error y tomando en cuenta la alta prevalencia observada, nos encontramos frente a una situación potencialmente compleja. Está demostrado que los profesionales jóvenes no cuentan con herramientas para afrontar condiciones adversas, en este estudio demostramos que ellos tienen mayor probabilidad de Síndrome de Burnout, por lo tanto una intervención preventiva de salud mental para poder anticipar estos efectos es indispensable

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the Burnout Syndrome in health professionals in Ecuador and its behavior with associated sociodemographic and labor factors. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out, which included health professionals from Ecuador. The information was collected through an online survey with prior informed consent. To capture the sociodemographic variables, a questionnaire was used, for the evaluation of Burnout Syndrome the Maslach test was used, which is validated in the South American context. Results: We found that the prevalence of Burnout Syndrome was high, especially in the depersonalization component (95%) and emotional exhaustion (47%) and in a lower percentage in personal fulfillment (11%). Nine percent had concomitant affectation of the three areas evaluated, representing the most severe structure of Burnout Syndrome and 42% of two areas, we did not find any type of relationship with sex but there was a greater probability with younger ages, greater number of patients and in residents. Conclusions: The Burnout Syndrome is an important problem to analyze permanently in health professionals, its effects could generate an environment that encourages error and taking into account the high prevalence observed, we are faced with a potentially complex situation. It has been shown that young professionals do not have tools to face adverse conditions, in this study we show that they have a greater probability of Burnout Syndrome, therefore a preventive mental health intervention to anticipate these effects is essential

Companion psittacine birds as reservoir of gentamicin and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp / Psitacídeos de companhia como reservatórios de Enterococcus spp. gentamicina e vancomicina-resistentes

Enterococcus are recognized worldwide as significant nosocomial agents that have been continuously envolving to adapt to different niches and acquire resistance to several antibiotic classes. Vancomycin and gentamicin-resistant strains of E. faecalis and E. faecium have been associated with nosocomial human infections. Some epidemiological studies suggest the participation of pets as reservoirs of vancomycin and gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus strains. However, the role of companion birds as reservoirs of these strains has been poorly studied. In this study, 126 psittacine birds were evaluated and 26.9% carried Enterococcus spp., including the species E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. hirae, E. phoeniculicola, E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus. The antibiotic resistance profile showed four high-level gentamicin-resistance (HLGR) strains. In addition, two strains presented intermediate levels of vancomycin resistance. Resistant strains were isolated from fecal and oropharynx samples of sick and clinically healthy birds, suggesting that psittacine birds may act as reservoirs of HLGR Enterococcus spp. However, sick birds appear to be more implicated in the enterococci transmission than healthy birds.(AU)

Enterococcus são reconhecidos mundialmente como significantes agentes nosocomiais, que têm continuamente se adaptado a diferentes nichos e adquirido resistência a várias classes de antibióticos. Cepas de E. faecalis e E. faecium vancomicina e gantamicina-resistentes têm sido associadas a infecções nosocomiais em humanos. Alguns estudos epidemiológicos sugerem a participação de aves como reservatórios de cepas de Enterococcus vancomicina e gentamicina-resistentes. Entretanto, a relação das aves de companhia como reservatórios destas cepas tem sido pouco estudada. Neste estudo, 126 psitacídeos foram avaliados, e 26,9% destes eram portadores de Enterococcus spp., incluindo as espécies E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. hirae, E. phoeniculicola, E. gallinarum e E. casseliflavus. O perfil de resistência antibiótica mostrou quatro cepas com alto nível de resistência a gentamicina (ANRG). Além de duas cepas com nível intermediário de resistência a vancomicina. As cepas resistentes foram isoladas de amostras fecais e de orofaringe de aves doentes e clinicamente saudáveis, sugerindo que psitacídeos podem estar atuando como reservatórios para Enterococcus spp. com ANRG. Contudo, Aves doentes parecem estar mais relacionadas à transmissão de enterococcus, do que aves saudáveis.(AU)

Scuticociliatosis caused by Uronema sp. in ten different ornamental aquarium reef fish in Brazil / Scuticociliatose causado por Uronema sp. em dez diferentes peixes ornamentais de recife no Brasil

Abstract Scuticociliatosis, caused by an opportunistic ciliate protozoan, is responsible for significant economic losses in marine ornamental fish. This study reports the occurrence of Uronema spp., parasitizing ten species of marine reef fish at an ornamental fish wholesaler: Blue green damselfish (Chromis viridis), Vanderbilt's Chromis (Chromis vanderbilti), Pennant coralfish (Heniochus acuminatus), Threespot angelfish (Apolemichthys trimaculatus), Goldspotted angelfish (Apolemichthys xanthopunctatus), Sea goldie (Pseudanthias squamipinnis), Orchid dottyback (Pseudochromis fridmani), Threadfin butterflyfish (Chaetodon auriga), Vagabond butterflyfish (Chaetodon vagabundus), and Bluecheek butterflyfish (Chaetodon semilarvatus). Diseased fish showed disorders such as hemorrhages and ulcerative lesions on the body surface. Histopathological analysis of the muscle, liver, gut, kidney, spleen, gills, and stomach revealed hemorrhages and degeneration of muscle fiber, vacuolar degeneration of hepatocyte, inflammatory process and granuloma in the liver, atrophy of intestinal villi, inflammatory process and granuloma in the kidney, melanomacrophage centers, as well as inflammatory process in the spleen, epithelial cells hyperplasia and granuloma formation in the gills, and vacuolar degeneration and eosinophils in the stomach. Due to the severity of the disease, it is necessary to implement biosecurity measures with rapid and accurate diagnosis to minimize the risk of economic losses caused by Uronema spp.

Resumo Scuticociliatose, causada pelo protozoário ciliado oportunista, é responsável por significativas perdas econômicas em peixes marinhos ornamentais. O estudo relata a ocorrência de Uronema spp., parasitando dez espécies de peixes de recife em um distribuidor de peixes ornamentais: "Blue green damselfish" (Chromis viridis), "Vanderbilt's Chromis" (Chromis vanderbilti), "Pennant coralfish" (Heniochus acuminatus), "Threespot angelfish" (Apolemichthys trimaculatus), "Goldspotted angelfish" (Apolemichthys xanthopunctatus), "Sea goldie" (Pseudanthias squamipinnis), "Orchid dottyback" (Pseudochromis fridmani), "Threadfin butterflyfish" (Chaetodon auriga), "Vagabond butterflyfish" (Chaetodon vagabundus), e "Bluecheek butterflyfish" (Chaetodon semilarvatus). Peixes doentes apresentaram distúrbios como hemorragias e lesões ulcerativas na superfície do corpo. A análise histopatológica do músculo, fígado, intestino, rim, baço, brânquias e estômago revelou hemorragias e degeneração das fibras musculares, degeneração vacuolar de hepatócitos, processo inflamatório e granuloma no fígado, atrofia das vilosidades intestinais, processo inflamatório e granuloma no rim, centros de melanomacrófagos e processo inflamatório no baço, hiperplasia das células epiteliais, bem como formação de granuloma nas brânquias e degeneração vacuolar e eosinófilos no estômago. Devido à gravidade da doença, é necessário implementar medidas de biossegurança com diagnóstico rápido e preciso para minimizar o risco de perdas econômicas causadas por Uronema spp.

O papel do esporte no projeto formador das associações cristãs de moços no Brasil (1903-1929) / The role played by sports in the educational project of young men's christian associations in Brazil (1903-1929) / El papel del deporte en el proyecto formador de las asociaciones cristianas de jóvenes en Brasil (1903-1929)

O presente estudo aborda o papel do esporte nas sedes da Associação Cristã de Moços (ACM) no Brasil. A Associação inseriu-se no Brasil no Rio de Janeiro (1893), Porto Alegre (1901) e São Paulo (1902). Com um projeto formador de contribuir na formação intelectual, moral-religiosa e física, percebe-se o esporte como uma prática que começa a ser indicada nas diferentes sedes no final da primeira década do século XX. Tivemos como propósito compreender o investimento das Associações Cristãs de Moços no Brasil, na construção de um ethos esportivo em um período circunscrito entre 1903 e 1929. Mobilizamos as seguintes fontes: panfletos, cartilhas, relatórios, atas, estatutos e a Mocidade: Revista Mensal das Associações Christãs de Moços no Brasil. A Associação Cristã de Moços no Brasil, ao materializar a construção de um ethos esportivo por meio de suas ações, contribuiu para a inserção e presença do esporte no Brasil

The present study addresses the role played by sports at Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) units in Brazil. The Association operated in Rio de Janeiro (1893), Porto Alegre (1901) and São Paulo (1902). With an educational project aimed at contributing to intellectual, moral-religious and physical formation, sports began to be applied in the different YMCA units in the late 1910s. Our purpose was to understand Brazilian YMCAs' investment in building a sporting ethos in 1903-1929. We used the following sources: leaflets, letters, reports, minutes of meetings and the magazine Mocidade: Revista Mensal das Associações Christãs de Moços no Brasil. By materializing a sporting ethos through its actions in Brazil, YMCAs contributed to bring sports to Brazil and to sustain their presence

El presente estudio aborda el papel del deporte en las sedes de la Asociación Cristiana de Jóvenes (ACM) en Brasil. La Asociación se insertó en Brasil en Rio de Janeiro (1893), Porto Alegre (1901) y São Paulo (1902). Con el proyecto inicial de contribuir en la formación intelectual, moral, religiosa y física, se percibe el deporte como una práctica que comienza a ser indicada en las diferentes sedes a fines de la primera década del siglo XX. Nuestro propósito fue comprender la inversión de las Asociaciones Cristianas de Jóvenes en Brasil en la construcción de un ethos deportivo en un período circunscrito entre 1903 y 1929. Movilizamos las siguientes fuentes: folletos, cartillas, informes, actas, estatutos y la revista mensual Mocidade, de la ACM en Brasil. La Asociación Cristiana de Jóvenes en Brasil, al materializar la construcción de un ethos deportivo a través de sus acciones, contribuyó con la inserción y la presencia del deporte en Brasil

Uso medicinal de cannabis: una revisión de la evidencia / Medicinal use of cannabis: a review of the evidence

Resumen Este estudio pretende reportar la evidencia actual sobre el uso medicinal de cannabis existente en la base de datos Scopus. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de las publicaciones científicas, entre el periodo 2013-2017, disponibles en Scopus sobre el uso medicinal de cannabis. Estados Unidos es el país con mayor cantidad de publicaciones, seguido de Canadá e Israel; existiendo un aumento progresivo y constante de la evidencia entre los años 2013 y 2017. Los contenidos de las publicaciones versan sobre efectos beneficiosos y adversos para la salud, consecuencias de la legislación del cannabis y su asociación con diversas variables. Existe una falta de estudios en uso medicinal de cannabis respecto a tratamientos y enfermedades, su estandarización, vías de administración y dosis, dando cuenta de la necesidad de un volumen mayor de investigaciones al respecto.

Abstract This study aims to report the current evidence on the medicinal use of cannabis in the Scopus database. A systematic review of the scientific publications was carried out, between the period 2013-2017, available in Scopus on the medicinal use of cannabis. The United States is the country with the most publications, followed by Canada and Israel; there is a progressive and constant increase in the evidence between 2013 and 2017. The contents of the publications are about beneficial and adverse effects on health, the consequences of cannabis legislation and its association with various variables. There is a lack of studies on the medicinal use of cannabis in relation to treatments and diseases, its standardization, administration routes and doses, giving account of the need for a greater volume of research in this regard.

Infectious diseases in aquarium ornamental pet fish: prevention and control measures / Doenças infeciosas em peixes ornamentais de aquário: medidas de prevenção e controle

Aquarium ornamental pet fish constitute a major segment in the pet industry, with the United States, Europe, and Japan dominating the market. There are approximately 1,500 marine fish species and over 4,500 freshwater fish species commercialized as aquarium ornamental pet fish. Fish are the fourth most common pet present in Brazilian homes. In Brazil, aquarium ornamental pet fish can be marketed and distributed from different parts of the Brazilian territory and the world. Commercialization and circulation of living animals without the use of adequate prophylactic management procedures enables dissemination of a number of agents responsible for infectious diseases. Aquarium pet fish can also carry pathogenic agents, of bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic etiology, that may have a zoonotic feature endangering the persons handling the animals. This review presents the main pathogenic infectious agents of bacterial, viral, and fungal etiology that affect aquarium pet fish, as well as the prevention and control measures to ensure sanitary excellence in this segment.(AU)

Peixes ornamentais de aquário representam um grande segmento no mercado de animais de estimação, no qual Estados Unidos, Europa e Japão dominam. São aproximadamente 1.500 espécies de peixes marinhos e em torno de 4.500 de espécies de água doce comercializados com fins ornamentais. O peixe é a quarta espécie mais comum nos domicílios brasileiros. Peixes ornamentais de aquário são comercializados e distribuídos em diferentes partes do território nacional e do mundo. O comércio e circulação de animais vivos sem o uso de procedimentos de manejo profilático adequados possibilita a disseminação de inúmeros agentes patogênicos. Peixes ornamentais de aquário carreiam consigo agentes patogênicos de etiologia bacteriana, viral, fúngica e parasitária, sendo alguns de caráter zoonótico colocando em risco pessoas que os manipulam. O objetivo desta revisão é apresentar os principais agentes infeciosos patogênicos - de natureza bacteriana, viral e fúngica - que acometem peixes ornamentais de aquário, bem como os métodos de prevenção e controle que permitam excelência no segmento.(AU)

Identification of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Leptospira species of Brazilian isolates by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization and Time Flight mass spectrometry

ABSTRACT Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization and Time of Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a powerful tool for the identification of bacteria through the detection and analysis of their proteins or fragments derived from ribosomes. Slight sequence variations in conserved ribosomal proteins distinguish microorganisms at the subspecies and strain levels. Characterization of Leptospira spp. by 16S RNA sequencing is costly and time-consuming, and recent studies have shown that closely related species (e.g., Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira kirschneri) may not be discriminated using this technology. Herein, we report an in-house Leptospira reference spectra database using Leptospira reference strains that were validated with a collection of well-identified Brazilian isolates kept in the Bacterial Zoonosis Laboratory at the Veterinary Preventive Medicine and Animal Health Department at Sao Paulo University. In addition, L. interrogans and L. kirschneri were differentiated using an in-depth mass spectrometry analysis with ClinProTools™ software. In conclusion, our in-house reference spectra database has the necessary accuracy to differentiate pathogenic and non-pathogenic species and to distinguish L. interrogans and L. kirschneri.

From pirouettes to jumps: the different manifestations of gymnastics in Rio de Janeiro of the second half of the XIX / Das piruetas aos saltos: as diferentes manifestações da gymnastica no rio de janeiro da segunda metade do xix

RESUMO: No Rio de Janeiro oitocentista, a necessidade de se adquirir uma vida saudável pautada em princípios higiênicos e na prática regular dos exercícios físicos ganhava força. A gymnastica, considerada adequada, adentrava instituições diversas. Entretanto, os elementos que a compunham e o discurso que a sustentava se diferenciavam. Ainda assim, em alguns momentos os diferentes modos de se educar o corpo misturavam-se, compartilhando traços característicos e culminando no engendramento do campo da Educação Física. As trajetórias dos professores Paulo Vidal e Vicente Casali são reveladoras desse movimento.

ABSTRACT: In Rio de Janeiro in the nineteenth century, the need to acquire a healthy lifestyle based on hygienic principles and regular physical exercise gained strength. Gymnastics, considered an appropriate exercise, was adopted by various institutions. However, the elements that composed it and the discourse that supported it differed. Even though, sometimes the different ways of educating the body mingled, sharing characteristic traits and culminating in the engendering of the field of Physical Education. The trajectories of the professors Paulo Vidal and Vicente Casali are revealing of this movement.

Comparative genomics of pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola isolated from swine and human in Brazil

Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola is one of the most important pathogenic serovars for the maintenance of urban leptospirosis. Even though it is considered highly adapted to dogs, serovar Canicola infection has already been described in other animals and even a few human cases. Here, we present the genomic characterisation of two Brazilian L. interrogans serovar Canicola strains isolated from slaughtered sows (L0-3 and L0-4) and their comparison with human strain Fiocruz LV133. It was observed that the porcine serovar Canicola strains present the genetic machinery to cause human infection and, therefore, represent a higher risk to public health. Both human and porcine serovar Canicola isolates also presented sequences with high identity to the Chinese serovar Canicola published plasmids pGui1 and pGui2. The plasmids identification in the Brazilian and Chinese serovar Canicola strains suggest that extra-chromosomal elements are one more feature of this serovar that was previously unnoticed.

Genomic characterisation of Leptospira inadai serogroup Lyme isolated from captured rat in Brazil and comparative analysis with human reference strain

Leptospira inadai is classified as a species of the Leptospira intermediate group that has been poorly studied due to its apparent insignificance to human and animal health. Nevertheless, over the last two decades the species has been described in human cases in India and in carrier animals in Ecuador. Here, we present the first identification and genomic characterisation of L. inadai serogroup Lyme isolated from captured rodent in Brazil. Even though the M34/99 strain was not pathogenic for hamsters, it was able to establish renal colonisation. The M34/99 strain presented high similarity with L. inadai serogroup Lyme human reference indicating that animal strain could also infect humans, although it does not represent high risk of severe disease. An extrachromosomal sequence was also identified in M34/99 strain and presented high identity with previously described L. inadai phage LinZ_10, suggesting that phage-like extrachromosomal sequence may be another feature of this understudied species.

Isolation and molecular characterization of Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus from the pork production chain in Brazil / Isolamento e caracterização molecular de Arcobacter butzleri e Arcobacter cryaerophilus de linhas de abate suíno e do comércio de carne no Brasil

Arcobacter is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, and the major transmission routes to humans are the handling or consumption of contaminated raw/undercooked food products of animal origin, water and seafood. The isolation and identification of Arcobacter species are not routine in clinical laboratories; therefore, its true incidence in human infections may be underestimated. The present study aimed to isolate and characterize Arcobacter from carcasses and fecal samples collected at swine slaughterhouses and from meat markets in São Paulo State, Brazil. The isolates were identified using multiplex-PCR to differentiate the species and analyzed by single-enzyme amplified fragment length polymorphism (SE-AFLP). Arcobacter spp. were isolated from 73.0% of swine carcasses, 4% of fecal samples and 10% of pork samples. A. butzleri was the most prevalent species identified, followed by A. cryaerophilus. Interestingly, the carcasses presented higher frequency of A. butzleri isolation, whereas only A. cryaerophilus was isolated from fecal samples. SE-AFLP enabled the characterization of A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus into 51 and 63 profiles, respectively. The great genetic heterogeneity observed for both species corroborates previous reports. This study confirms the necessity for a standard isolation protocol and the improvement of molecular tools to further elucidate Arcobacter epidemiology.(AU)

Arcobacter é um patógeno zoonótico emergente e as principais formas de transmissão para humanos são a manipulação e o consumo de água ou alimentos contaminados crus ou mal cozidos. O isolamento e a identificação das espécies de Arcobacter não fazem parte da rotina dos laboratórios clínicos; dessa forma, a real incidência da infecção em humanos é subestimada. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de isolar e caracterizar Arcobacter de carcaças e amostras de fezes coletadas em dois abatedouros de suínos e de carne suína de dois açougues no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. As estirpes foram identificadas utilizando multiplex-PCR para diferenciar as espécies e foram analisadas por polimorfismo no comprimento de fragmentos amplificados (SE-AFLP). Arcobacter spp. foi isolado de 73% das carcaças, 4% das amostras de fezes e de 10% das amostras de carne suína avaliadas. A. butzleri foi a espécie mais prevalente, seguida por A. cryaerophilus. As carcaças apresentaram a maior taxa de isolamento de A. butzleri enquanto que apenas A. cryaerophilus foi isolado das amostras de fezes. SE-AFLP possibilitou a caracterização de A. butzleri e A. cryaerophilus em 51 e 63 perfis de bandas, respectivamente. A grande heterogeneidade genética observada para ambas as espécies corrobora estudos previous. Estes resultados confirmam a necessidade de protocolos de isolamento padronizados e o aperfeiçoamento das ferramentas moleculares para aprofundar os conhecimetos sobre epidemiologia das infecções pelo gênero Arcobacter.(AU)

Conocimientos y percepciones de los Oncólogos ecuatorianos sobre manejo y acceso a medicamentos en cáncer renal metastásico

RESUMEN Introducción: el cáncer renal es una patología que, al igual que otras neoplasias, si se diagnostica tempranamente puede tener un mejor pronóstico. La variabilidad clínica es un factor que puede afectar su diagnóstico. Objetivo: evaluar el nivel de conocimientos y las percepciones de los médicos oncólogos clínicos ecuatorianos sobre el cáncer renal metastásico. Metodología: se realizó un estudio de corte transversal. La información fue recolectada a través de una encuesta diseñada para esta investigación. Resultados: la variabilidad de conocimientos de los profesionales fue baja, la experiencia en su práctica asistencial con medicamentos complejos es amplia, principalmente con sunitinib, la decisión de manejo sistémico del cáncer metastásico se consigue a partir de grupos de pares o multidisciplinarios, pero siempre se priorizan criterios clínicos antes que administrativos. Conclusiones: los oncólogos tienen baja variabilidad en los conocimientos y amplia experiencia en el uso de medicamentos complejos, sin embargo, la situación de acceso a medicamentos de alto costo es un factor presente en la mayoría.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Renal cancer is a pathology that, like other neoplasms, if it is early diagnosed, it can have a better prognosis. The clinical variability is a factor that could affect its diagnosis. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge level and the perceptions about metastatic renal cancer of the Ecuadorian clinical oncologists. Methodology: This was cross-sectional study. The information was collected using a survey designed for this research study. Results: The variability in the knowledge of the professionals was low. Their experience in their care practice with complex medicines was wide, specially with sunitinib. The decision of systemic handling of the metastatic cancer was achieved from peers or multidisciplinary groups but always clinical criterion were prioritized over the administrative ones. Conclusions: The oncologists had low variability in their knowledge and wide experience in the use of complex medicines, however, the situation of access to high cost medicines was a factor present in the majority.

Characterization of Streptococcus suis through serotyping, SE-AFLP and virulence profile / Caracterização de Streptococcus suis por sorotipagem, SE-AFLP e perfil de virulência

Streptococcus suis is one of most important pathogens in the swine industry worldwide. Despite its importance, studies of S. suis characterization in South America are still rare. This study evaluates S. suis isolates from distinct Brazilian states, from 1999 to 2004, and its molecular and serological characterization. A total of 174 isolates were studied. S. suis identification was confirmed by PCR and isolates were further serotyped and genotyped by SE-AFLP and amplification of virulence markers. Serotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 18, 22 and 32 were identified among the studied isolates, and only 4% were characterized as non-typeable. The mrp+/epf+/sly+ genotype was the most frequent. The SE-AFLP analysis resulted in 29 patterns distributed in three main clusters with over 65% of genetic similarity. Isolates presented a slight tendency to cluster according to serotype and origin; however, no further correlation with virulence genotypes was observed.(AU)

Streptococcus suis é um dos patógenos de maior importância para indústria suinícola mundial. Apesar de sua importância, a caracterização de isolados de S. suis na América do Sul ainda é pouco descrita. O presente estudo descreve a avaliação de isolados de S. suis provenientes de diferentes Estados brasileiros, e sua caracterização sorológica e molecular. Foram avaliados 174 isolados de S. suis e os mesmos foram submetidos a SE-AFLP e pesquisa de marcadores de virulência. Os sorotipos 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 18, 22 e 32 foram identificados dentre os isolados estudados e apenas 4% foram caracterizados como não tipáveis. O perfil de virulência mrp+/epf+/sly+ foi o mais frequente. A análise do SE-AFLP resultou em 29 perfis distribuídos em três grupos principais com mais de 65% de similaridade genética. Os isolados apresentaram tendência de se agrupar segundo origem e sorotipo; no entanto, não foi observada correlação entre os grupamentos e os perfis de virulência.(AU)

Comparative genomic analysis of Brazilian Leptospira kirschneri serogroup Pomona serovar Mozdok

Leptospira kirschneri is one of the pathogenic species of the Leptospira genus. Human and animal infection from L. kirschneri gained further attention over the last few decades. Here we present the isolation and characterisation of Brazilian L. kirschneri serogroup Pomona serovar Mozdok strain M36/05 and the comparative genomic analysis with Brazilian human strain 61H. The M36/05 strain caused pulmonary hemorrhagic lesions in the hamster model, showing high virulence. The studied genomes presented high symmetrical identity and the in silico multilocus sequence typing analysis resulted in a new allelic profile (ST101) that so far has only been associated with the Brazilian L. kirschneri serogroup Pomona serovar Mozdok strains. Considering the environmental conditions and high genomic similarity observed between strains, we suggest the existence of a Brazilian L. kirschneri serogroup Pomona serovar Mozdok lineage that could represent a high public health risk; further studies are necessary to confirm the lineage significance and distribution.

A survey on gram-negative bacteria in saffron finches (Sicalis flaveola) from illegal wildlife tradein Brazil / Pesquisa de bactérias gram-negativas em canários-da-terra (Sicalis flaveola) resgatados do tráfico ilegal de aves no Brasil

Passerines such as canaries or finches are the most unlawfully captured species that are sent to wildlife centers in São Paulo, Brazil. Captured birds may have infection by opportunistic bacteria in stressful situations. This fact becomes relevant when seized passerine are reintroduced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health state of finches from illegal wildlife trade using microbiological approaches. Microbiological samples were collected by cloacal and tracheal swabs of 100 birds, captured during 2012 and 2013. The results indicate high frequency of gram-negative bacteria in feces and oropharynx, especially from the Enterobacteriaceae family (97.5%). The most frequent genera were Escherichia coli (46.5%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.4%). Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia spp. Klebsiella oxytoca and Citrobacter freundii were isolated with lower frequency from asymptomatic birds. The presence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Shiga toxinproducing strain (STEC) confirm the zoonotic risks and public health concern.(AU)

No Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, os pássaros como os canários-da-terra têm sido uma das espécies mais frequentemente resgatadas do tráfico ilegal e enviadas aos centros de vida selvagem. Em situações de estresse estas aves podem ser acometidas por infecções causadas por bactérias oportunistas. Este fato é de grande importância quando é planejada da reintrodução das aves na natureza. O presente trabalho foi delineado para avaliar o estado de saúde de canários-da-terra resgatados do tráfico ilegal. Foram colhidas soabes da traqueia e da cloaca de 100 aves resgatadas durante os anos de 2012 e 2013. Os resultados obtidos revelaram alta frequência de bactérias gram-negativas nas fezes e no orofaringe dos animais, com maior frequência para os membros da família Enterobacteriaceae (97,5%). Os gêneros mais frequentes foram Escherichia coli (46,55) e Klebsiella pneumoniae (10,4%). Outros microorganismos incluindo Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia spp, Klebsiella oxytoca e Citrobacter freundii também foram isolados em menor frequencia de aves assintomáticas. A presença de estirpes de Escherichia coli enteropagênicas (EPEC) e as produtoras da toxina de Shiga confirmam o risco de zoonose e a importância para saúde pública deste tipo de ave.(AU)

Antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene profiles in P. multocida strains isolated from cats

Cats are often described as carriers of Pasteurella multocida in their oral microbiota. This agent is thought to cause pneumonia, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, gingivostomatitis, abscess and osteonecrosis in cats. Human infection with P. multocida has been described in several cases affecting cat owners or after cat bites. In Brazil, the cat population is approximately 21 million animals and is increasing, but there are no studies of the presence of P. multocida in the feline population or of human cases of infection associated with cats. In this study, one hundred and ninety-one healthy cats from owners and shelters in São Paulo State, Brazil, were evaluated for the presence of P. multocida in their oral cavities. Twenty animals were positive for P. multocida, and forty-one strains were selected and characterized by means of biochemical tests and PCR. The P. multocida strains were tested for capsular type, virulence genes and resistance profile. A total of 75.6% (31/41) of isolates belonged to capsular type A, and 24.4% (10/41) of the isolates were untypeable. None of the strains harboured toxA, tbpA or pfhA genes. The frequencies of the other genes tested were variable, and the data generated were used to build a dendrogram showing the relatedness of strains, which were clustered according to origin. The most common resistance profile observed was against sulfizoxazole and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole.

The quest for a better understanding of chronic kidney disease complications: an update on uremic toxins / Em busca de uma melhor compreensão da doença renal crônica: uma atualização em toxinas urêmicas

Chronic kidney disease is characterized by a progressive reduction of glomerular filtration rate and/or the appearance of proteinuria, and subsequently the progressive retention of organic waste compounds called uremic toxins (UT). Over the last decades, a large number of such compounds have been identified and their effects on organs and tissues, especially the cardiovascular system, has been demonstrated. In this review, we present the current classification of UT, as proposed by the EUTox Group, and the effects of some of the probably most important UTs, such as phosphate, FGF-23, PTH, AGEs, indoxyl sulfate and para-cresyl sulfate. We provide an overview on therapeutic approaches aimed to increase their extracorporeal removal via convective and/or adsorptive strategies and to lower their intestinal production/ absorption via dietetic and pharmacological interventions. The recognition that multiple toxins contribute to the uremia supports the need for new therapeutic targets, with a potentially positive impact on CKD progression and survival.

A doença renal crônica (DRC) caracteriza-se pela redução progressiva da filtração glomerular e/ou presença de proteinúria, e subsequente retenção progressiva de compostos orgânicos, denominados toxinas urêmicas. Nas últimas décadas, um grande número destes compostos foi identificado, assim como seus efeitos adversos no organismo, sobretudo no sistema cardiovascular. Nesta revisão, apresentamos a classificação das toxinas urêmicas, proposta pelo grupo europeu de estudo em toxinas urêmicas (EUTox), e discutiremos os efeitos de algumas das principais toxinas, como ADMA, fosfato, FGF-23, PTH, AGEs, indoxil sulfato e para-cresil sulfato. Além disso, abordaremos as principais estratégias terapêuticas para aumentar a remoção das toxinas urêmicas por métodos convectivos e/ou adsortivos; e para diminuir a produção e absorção intestinal dessas toxinas por meio de intervenções dietéticas e farmacológicas, respectivamente. A compreensão de que múltiplas toxinas contribuem para a uremia expõe a necessidade de novos alvos-terapêuticos, com potencial impacto positivo na progressão da DRC e na sobrevida dos pacientes.

Salmonella Agona em Perus (Meleagris gallopavo) de criações comerciais no Brasil / Salmonella Agona in Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in commercial farms from Brazil

Salmonella spp. é um dos principais agentes envolvidos em casos de doenças de origem alimentar em humanos, responsável por perdas significativas na avicultura. O presente trabalho investigou a presença de Salmonella spp. em fezes de perus comerciais no Brasil. Foram colhidos suabes fecais de 14 lotes de perus comerciais (pool de seis aves/lote). Os suabes foram submetidos aos procedimentos de isolamento bacteriológico convencionais e a detecção de DNA do agente foi realizada com a técnica de PCR. Salmonella spp. foi detectada em um total de nove lotes dos 14 avaliados. As amostras foram negativas na identificação molecular dos sorovares Enteritidis e Typhimurium. Os isolados foram encaminhados ao laboratório de referência para sorotipagem e identificados como S. Agona; um patógeno considerado emergente em vários países.

Abstract Salmonella spp. is one of the major players involved in cases of foodborne diseases in humans and is responsible for significant losses in the poultry industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. in feces of commercial turkeys from Brazil. Fecal swabs from 14 turkey farms (pool of six poults/flocks) were collected. The swabs were subject to the conventional bacteriological isolation procedures and to DNA detection of the agent trough PCR. Salmonella spp. was present in a total of nine from 14 turkey farms evaluated. The samples were negative on molecular identification for serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium. Isolated strains submitted to the reference laboratory for serotyping were identified as S. Agona that has been described as emergent pathogen in several countries.